Controllers

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Could someone explain in full detail the role and scope of the command:
R1#sh controllers ?
ATM ATM interface
Async Async UART internal info
Async Async interface
E1 E1 controller internal state
GigabitEthernet GigabitEthernet IEEE 802.3z
J1 J1 controller internal state
Serial Serial
T1 T1 controller internal state
T3 T3 controller internal state
XTagATM Extended Tag ATM interface
vsi VSI information
| Output modifiers

What does the controllers on the above interfaces do? I use it to check circuit loops from the PTT, but not sure how it works or if its actually a physical device/software. Thanks in advance for the insight.